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August 24 How brainwash works (zz from Digg)During the Korean War, Korean and Chinese captors reportedly brainwashed American POWs held in prison camps. Several prisoners ultimately confessed to waging germ warfare -- which they hadn't -- and pledged allegiance to communism by the end of their captivity. At least 21 soldiers refused to come back to the United States when they were set free. It sounds impressive, but skeptics point out that it was 21 out of more than 20,000 prisoners in communist countries. Does brainwashing really work in any reliable way?
In psychology, the study of brainwashing, often referred to as thought reform, falls into the sphere of "social influence." Social influence happens every minute of every day. It's the collection of ways in which people can change other people's attitudes, beliefs and behaviors. For instance, the compliance method aims to produce a change in a person's behavior and is not concerned with his attitudes or beliefs. It's the "Just do it" approach. Persuasion, on the other hand, aims for a change in attitude, or "Do it because it'll make you feel good/happy/healthy/successful." The education method (which is called the "propaganda method" when you don't believe in what's being taught) goes for the social-influence gold, trying to affect a change in the person's beliefs, along the lines of "Do it because you know it's the right thing to do." Brainwashing is a severe form of social influence that combines all of these approaches to cause changes in someone's way of thinking without that person's consent and often against his will. Because brainwashing is such an invasive form of influence, it requires the complete isolation and dependency of the subject, which is why you mostly hear of brainwashing occurring in prison camps or totalist cults. The agent (the brainwasher) must have complete control over the target (the brainwashee) so that sleep patterns, eating, using the bathroom and the fulfillment of other basic human needs depend on the will of the agent. In the brainwashing process, the agent systematically breaks down the target's identity to the point that it doesn't work anymore. The agent then replaces it with another set of behaviors, attitudes and beliefs that work in the target's current environment. While most psychologists believe that brainwashing is possible under the right conditions, some see it as improbable or at least as a less severe form of influence than the media portrays it to be. Some definitions of brainwashing require the presence of the threat of physical harm, and under these definitions most extremist cults do not practice true brainwashing since they typically do not physically abuse recruits. Other definitions rely on "nonphysical coercion and control" as an equally effective means of asserting influence. Regardless of which definition you use, many experts believe that even under ideal brainwashing conditions, the effects of the process are most often short-term -- the brainwashing victim's old identity is not in fact eradicated by the process, but instead is in hiding, and once the "new identity" stops being reinforced the person's old attitudes and beliefs will start to return. There are psychologists who say the apparent conversion of American POWs during the Korean War was the result of plain-old torture, not "brainwashing." And in fact, most POWs in the Korean War were not converted to communism at all, which leads to the question of reliability: Is brainwashing a system that produces similar results across cultures and personality types, or does it hinge primarily on the target's susceptibility to influence? In the next section, we'll examine one expert's description of the brainwashing process and find out what makes an easy target. August 21 这里是马尼拉时光如流水般汩汩逝去 傍晚时分，过街天桥上人潮汹涌 而这一切与我无关 August 08 世上最牛信息更正（zz）原文点击此处 镇官徐新贤消息更正 发布时间：2007-08-08 10:02:57 发布人：杭州信息网 新闻来源： 消息更正 本站于7月3日发表了《徐新贤因公...》一文，近日我们已经接到上级新闻部门的批评指正。该文是我站临时聘请的实习记者张扬所发，该记者刚从学校毕业，没有社会经验。那天张扬刚好在事发现场看见，忍不住就想发消息，后被制止。但是后来过了几天张扬还是把该消息发了出去。形成了不好的影响，给党的干部抹了黑，也浪费了广大网友的时间。现在本站已经对该记者做出开除决定，并扣发当月工资和奖金。 对《徐新贤因公...》一文，本网站作出以下补充说明： 1.本文未经上级领导审核同意，不该擅自发表，文章内容一点不符合事实，在此特向读者表示歉意； 2.徐新贤只是乡镇一般工作人员，不是党的领导干部； 3.徐新贤可能是死于突发性疾病，是在自己的私车上，不是在公车上；事发现场，车内只有徐新贤一人，而且衣冠整齐，不是裸体的； 4.至于另一个人是谁，现在还不清楚，反正不是妇女干部，也不是在同一辆车上，也不是裸体的，只是个一般的工作人员，具体情况有关部门还正在调查核实中。 5.关于徐新贤的事，有关部门还在调查核实中，临安的报纸也没有报道过，请广大读者不要多做评论，要相信党相信组织。 （本文已被浏览 1291 次） August 05 爱你是为了爱自己：Me Generation《时代》周刊把“80后”命名为Me Generation，意指“以自我为中心的一代”。简略概括特性：“政治并不关我的事，只要它不妨碍我享受我的物质生活。”这样的面貌描述，是既不符合中国老一辈“担纲民族复兴大业”的预期，又与美国老一辈“民主化推动力”的“期盼”相左。这样的面貌描述，在我看来比国内至今60后、70后评价80后的言论更为精准一点。所以迄今为止国内的60后，70后对我们见诸媒体的报道大有“痛贬出头妖魔”的意味，过个一两年美国那帮政客醒过味儿来接受《时代》这种说法的话，可能也会对80后批评有加抱怨我们对不起他们“民主化颜色革命”的期许了，继而——对华宣传政策也会有所调整吧。加大强化个人信息表达的宣传，是大势所趋。 这样的评论当然不能把80后的整体面貌都描述清楚，但最近问了一些朋友，发现确实挺符合这样的特征描述的。我们是幸运的，在成长的黄金年代碰上了改革开放；而我们的父辈碰上的是十年文革，神殿崩塌；我们的祖辈碰上的是内忧外患，国难当头。我们又是不幸的，在同一段时间内社会资源的分配权逐渐被即得利益集团把持，固化，社会资源自由分配的机会越来越稀缺，被社会层级、集团势力所垄断，从底层向上层流动的机会越来越狭窄，而“世界工厂”吸纳低级劳动力的胃口越张越大。因此，高考补习班考研补习班出国补习班的生意越来越火，写字楼里辉煌的灯火越来越长明不熄，而更多的黑砖窑黑工坊的机器全天嗡嗡作响。当我们踏出校园的时候，各种社会秩序已经开始尘埃落定，固化，将必要的新鲜劳动力填进金字塔的底层。在这样的社会结构中，挑战既有制度结构的人身风险仍是相当之大，整天“胡思乱想”的人孤独而郁闷的徘徊在社会边缘，而埋头工作挣钱的大门却敞开着，并插着“由此向上”的标牌。于是，我们为生活忙碌吧，同时也在远离真正的生活。 在这样劳碌的生活下，有什么理由不对自己好一点呢？奢侈消费，也就成了生活中仅存的乐趣之一。父母大都也能经济上保障自己的生活，并不真正需要我们来“养老”；大家大多是独生子女，从小就习惯了吃穿不愁享受生活，现在挣钱了为什么不更加对自己好一点呢？爱情也应该是犒赏自己的一件奢侈品吧，为什么我不能有一个为自己百般付出的男/女友呢？现在没有，那就先等等吧，反正我不喜欢的东西，是不会勉强的。听见有人抱怨说“现在白眼小孩儿太多，长大独立了都不怎么管父母，还不如养两条狗儿”，其实他们不明白，“爱你就等于爱自己”，或者应该说，是“爱你是为了爱自己”，在我们这一代人心中，最值得爱的人，终究不过是自己吧。 这样的一群人，不经历危机的洗礼，是不可能“恢宏大度”，“心系天下兴亡”的。天下无事的时候，我们可以是文明礼貌的好公民，会在公车上给老爷子让座，时不时性子起了也会给山区小朋友捐两件过季衣服然后把自己感动得一塌糊涂。然而灾难来临的时候，我们会首先想着保住自己的一亩三分地，跑得越远越好。因此我们是最容易被“分而治之”的一群人。一点蝇头小利，就可以让我们对旁人的苦难视而不见，当灾难落到自己头上时，才会发现周围可能伸出援手的人少之又少。“当他们逮捕犹太人的时候，我没有说话，因为我不是犹太人；当他们逮捕共产党人的时候，我没有说话，因为我不是共产党人……当他们逮捕我的时候，我发现已经没人为我说话了。” 社会发展至此，统一的意识形态引导、控制已经不再有市场，只有经济的大手驱动着人们向前奔命。看看新加坡，看看香港，大致会明白明天会怎样。再伟大的社会构想，恐怕也只有基于这样的预期之上一步一步建设，才能产生实际的影响。 August 03 防民之口重于防灾救灾 （zz）来自中国报道周刊
防民之口重于防灾救灾 墨脱想象某人去墨脱了，女生。这是我身边认识的人中间第一个去那里的，而且之前一点征兆都没有——她看上去一点也不像那种很“野”的女生啊。毕业旅行成就了这“沉默中的爆发”。真正从山鹰社环境中脱离出来之后，有多少人还会这样狠下心来挑战自己新的边界呢？我们忙碌着学业，工作，爱情……逐渐远离那种在山野间漂泊无度的生活状态，开始习惯于自嘲着加入“腐败游”的行列，曾经的披星戴月跋山涉水的激情慢慢转化到“尘世”的生活中。那往日山脊的劲风和炽烈的阳光呢？那蔚蓝的天空和碧绿的草甸呢？一年中，还有多少时间投向那样的天地？最近听到一句话，挺喜欢的： Life is adventure, or nothing. |
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